Environmental health job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental health job - Essay Example An occupational health and safety specialist would be useful in inspecting such workplaces and making recommendations to ensure the noise it produces does not cause adverse effects, such as hearing loss, to workers. 3. The current population of Nepal as given by its Ministry of Industry (2014) is about 26.49 million as retrieved from the 2011 population census. Nepal is an agricultural economy with the Central Intelligence Agency, CIA (2014) documenting 70% of its population as being dependant on agriculture for livelihood and more than a third of the country’s GDP attributed to agriculture. As such, even the minimal industrial activity taking place involves agricultural produce processing. 4. Being an agricultural economy, Nepal largely depends on agricultural residue as a source of energy, hence the significance of considering the issue of indoor air quality. World Health Organisation, WHO (2014) cautions on the risk of using such fuels at home noting that it could emit fine particles 100 times more than the acceptable level, a fact that contributes to the 4.3 million deaths reported every year, a majority being women and children. The article, â€Å"Biomass as a Source of Household Energy and Indoor Air Pollution in Nepal,† reviews the postulate of biomass, commonly used to supply household energy, as a source of indoor pollution with a focus on Nepal. The study indicates that 86.5% of households in Nepal use fuel wood as a source of household energy and some other 3.7% use agricultural residue for the same purpose. Lohani (2011) further indicates in this study that these energy sources contributed to the concentration of particulate matter, PM10, total suspended particle, TSP and concentration of carbon dioxide of 8,000 ÃŽ ¼g/m ³, 8,800 ÃŽ ¼g/m ³ and 21 ppm against the set national standards of 120 ÃŽ ¼g/m ³, 230 ÃŽ ¼g/m ³ and 9 ppm

Analyse and Evaluate the significance of Fiscal Policy rules Essay Example for Free

Analyse and Evaluate the significance of Fiscal Policy rules Essay L1. Monetary policies are where the government use changes in the base rate of interest to influence the rate of growth of aggregate demand, the money supply and ultimately price inflation. In the short run economic growth is an increase in real GDP, In the long run economic growth is an increase in productive capacity (the maximum output an economy can produce) Economic Stability the avoidance of volatility in economic growth rates, inflation, employment and unemployment and exchange rates. International Competitiveness The ability of an economys firms to compete in international markets and, thereby, sustain increases in national output and income. L2. Monetary policies can be used to promote economic growth, Economic (this stability reduces uncertainty, promotes business, consumer confidence and investment) and International Competitiveness. This causes an ? in AD, which can be good for an economy. For example if a Government ? interest rates, people will have an ? in disposable income, because payments on credit cards will ?, mortgage payments will ? and it is not worth saving due to the reduced rate of interest, meaning they have more to spend on goods and services, thus AD ?. L3. Monetary policies can promote economic growth and stability and international competitiveness as changes in the interest rate affects Domestic Demand (Consumer Expenditure, Investment and Government Spending) and National Demand (Net Exports) via Exchange Rates as when the interest rate ? so the does the currencys strength. So if the rate of interest increases, so does the strength of the pound, meaning that there is an ? in international competitiveness as more economies want to purchase our currency. This causes an ? in AD causing the AD curve to shift to the right, from AD1 to AD2. Causing and ? in employment, ? production and ?economic growth, ?international competitiveness and ?international competitiveness If economic growth becomes too rapid it can also be dampened nby an ? in interest rates causing AD to ? due to the fact that their credit card charges and mortgages have ? and it has become more worthwhile to keep money in the bank and reap the rewards from a higher interest rate rather than spend. So peoples disposable income ?. Monetary Policy can promote economic growth and stability because of the Monetary Policy Transmission mechanism; the way in which Monetary Policy affects inflation rates through the impact it has on other macroeconomic variables. It is said that low and stable rates of inflation provide the framework for economic stability as inflation reduces the purchasing power of money. When the government uses monetary policy to reduce the rate of inflation inflation targeting) they can stop economic stability from becoming unstable as when inflation occurs, and usually wage growth ? there is a danger that inflation will become out of control so much so that producers and consumers are no longer able to use the signalling function so it can become clear what goods and services consumers most want. Inflation targeting makes the consumers and investors more clear about the future and so they know what to expect so they can plan ahead. This can cause an ? in C and I and therefore and ? in AD (shifting the AD curve to the right). The fact that inflation targeting is flexible means it meets the policy target. The government can use Monetary to policy to ? the supply of money, so banks have more money to lend, so it is easier for consumers to take loans so there disposable income ?, this can cause and ? in Consumer Expectations and vestments, causing an ? in AD, ?production, ?international competitiveness, ?employment, ? economic stability and ?economic growth L4. HOWEVER whether the Monetary policy is affective depends on many factors, for example it depends on how big the increase or decrease in interest rate is, a small change could make little or no difference for example if income interest is reduced by 0.00000000000000000000001% then people are unlikely to start spending more and it will have little or no effect on AD. It also depends on when interest rates are changed as to what else is going on in the economy at that time, for example if there is a fiscal policy causing income tax to ? at the same time as a ?in interest rates the affects of the Monetary Policy may be cancelled out by the fiscal policy. It depends on Central Bank bringing creditability to the target as the central bank has to build up a reputation for meeting targets. This can lead to low economic growth being traded off for low inflation in the short run, but not the long run, which is what is needed for an economies economic growth to be sustainable! The Central bank must be good at forecasting inflation, as the Monetary Policy works with time lags, there can sometimes be a two year delay! So the Central bank will have to set today the interest rate to affect the rate of inflation it expects in two years time! For example Inflation targeting has to be guided by forecasts of inflation and all macroeconomic variables that affect inflation. It also costs a great deal to employ people who have the ability to forecast inflation well which could cost a lot to employ someone capable of doing this, this means that it ? costs, which means the possibility of an opportunity cost involved as that money could have been spent on something else for example new hospitals. There can also always be unforeseen circumstances such as unexpected recessions and natural disasters such as the tsunami, this affects the Central Banks ability to deliver economic stability and economic growth as they do not know if they may need to be doing other policies to help these unexpected situations, as they may only be able to do so when the economies conditions are stable. To conclude Monetary rules and Fiscal Policy targets and constraints can promote Economic Growth, Economic Stability and International Competitiveness, however there are many factors to take into account when doing so.

Describe an object that is important to you and explain why Essay examp

Describe an object that is important to you and explain why      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My Kelty Redwing backpack is folded up in my closet. Cramped on a shelf next to a box of old textbooks and forgotten letters, my backpack, like me, would rather be elsewhere.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gloomy New England is no place for an active pack such as mine. There, the pack's buoyant purple, teal, and navy blue colors seem lost in shadow. Helpless, I do likewise, and watch my skin turn from a healthy tan to sickly white. We can hardly wait for the upcoming vacation. I take my pack to and from school with me. Holding up to 5600 cubic inches, my pack feels comfortable on my back even with sixty pounds of gear.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During winter vacation, I usually take a skiing trip to a cabin in the Washington State Wilderness. Loaded with everything from Monopoly to a waffle iron, my backpack shields me from snow dripped by evergreens. It never actually skis, but my backpack wouldn't dare miss a downhill ski trip in the Rockies of Idaho. I leav...

Icici Bank and Bank of Rajasthan Merger Essay

Meaning : A general term used to refer to the consolidation of companies. A merger is a combination of two companies to form a new company, while an acquisition is the purchase of one company by another in which no new company is formed. Basic information of icici bank (Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Bank): ICICI Bank was established by the Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India, an Indian financial institution, as a wholly owned subsidiary in 1994. The parent company was formed in 1955 as a joint-venture of the World Bank, India’s public-sector banks and public-sector insurance companies to provide project financing to Indian industry.[10][11] The bank was initially known as theIndustrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Bank, before it changed its name to the abbreviated ICICI Bank. The parent company was later merged with the bank. Current information: Based on 2013 information, it is the second largest bank in India by assets and third largest by market capitalisation. It offers a wide range of banking products and financial services to corporate and retail customer through a variety of delivery channels and through its specialised subsidiaries in the areas of investment banking. life and non-life insurance, venture capital and asset management. The Bank has a network of 3,350 branches and 10,486 ATM’s in India, and has a presence in 19 countries. ICICI Bank is one of the big four banks of India, along with SBI,PNB,CANARA BANK BANK OF RAJASTHAN : It was set up at Udaipur in 1943 with an initial capital of Rs.10.00 lacs. An eminent Industrialist Late Seth Shri Govind Ram Seksaria was the founder chairman. It was classified as the Scheduled Bank in 1948. The Bank also established a rural (Gramin) bank Mewar Anchlik Gramin Bank in Udaipur District in Rajasthan on 26 January 1983. The bank’s central office is located at Jaipur, although its registered office is in Udaipur. Presently the bank has 463 branches, in 24 states, with 294 of the branches being in Rajasthan. †¢ 1. Merger of ICICI and BoR Submitted †¢ 2. About BoR and Merger private sector lender Bank of Rajasthan on 18 may 2010 agreed to merge with ICICI Bank, India’s second largest private sector lender Bank of Rajasthan has a market value of $296 million The acquisition of Bank of Rajasthan by ICICI bank is the first consolidation of country’s crowded banking sector since 2008.ICICI Bank and Bank of Rajasthan (BoR) boards on Sunday cleared their merger through an all-share deal, valued at about 30.41 billion rupees. †¢ 3. ICICI offered to BoR ICICI offered to pay 188.42 rupees per share, in an all-share deal, for Bank of Rajasthan, a premium of 89 percent to the small lender’s closing price on Tuesday, valuing the business at $668 million .ICICI is offering the smaller bank’s controlling shareholders 25 shares in ICICI for 118 shares of Bank of Rajasthan. †¢ 4. The Big Deal The deal, which will give ICICI a sizeable presence in the northwestern desert state of Rajasthan, values the small bank at about 2.9 times its book value, compared with an Indian banking sector average of 1.84.Bank of Rajasthan has a network of 463 branches and a loan book of 77.81 billion rupees ($1.7 billion). †¢ 5. Why MergerIn March, the Reserve Bank of India appointed consulting firms to conduct a special audit of the books and accounts of Bank of Rajasthan .The government has called for consolidation in the banking sector in order to make lenders more competitive but there has been little activity.RBI had imposed a penalty of Rs 25 lakh on Bank of Rajasthan for various violations. †¢ 6. Totals of BoR F or the nine-month ended December’09, the bank had net loss of Rs 9 crore with total income of Rs 1,086 crore. For the year ended March’09, Bank of Rajasthan had net profit of Rs 117 crore with total income of Rs 1,507 crore .Operating income fell 11% to Rs 373.78 crore in Q3 December 2009 over Q3 December 2008. †¢ 7. Advantage for ICICI and BoR ICICI Bank will gain marginally from the merger as Bank of Rajasthan has a reasonable penetration in its home state. As of March’09, it had 463 branches across the country. The deal will also help ICICI tackle increasing competition by HDFC Bank. the deal values BoR at about 2.9 times its book value, compared with an Indian banking sector average of 1.84. †¢ 8. Comparison OF ICICI and BoRICICI bank added CASA deposits totaling over 210 billion rupees in the year ended March 2010, compared with 41.63 billion rupees of BoR .ICICI recorded a business per branch of 3 billion rupees compared with 47 million rupees of BoR for fiscal 2009.For the quarter ended Dec 09, BoR recorded 1.05 percent of advances as NPA’s, which is far better than 2.1 percent recorded by ICICI Bank. †¢ 9. Why is RBI allowing the merger of this bank? This is very intriguing factor; when RBI claims that there is corporate governance. Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee claims that there is corporate governance prevailing in SEBI, RBI and Finance Ministry. †¢ 10. Hurdles To protest the Bank of Rajasthan’s management plan to merge with the ICICI Bank, more than 4200 employees of Bank of Rajasthan went on a two-day countrywide strike .SEBI maintains that Tayals hold 55% in the bank and that would make them owners of nearly 1.87 crore ICICI Bank shares from new dilution by ICICI Bank, amounting to around 1.75% stake in the bank .ICICI Bank found it economic as always to invest in this deal on a 100% stock swap basis. †¢ 11. Impact of the Deal The deal is very expensive The proposed amalgamation would substantially enhance branch network and presence in  northern and western India for ICICIBank of Rajasthan has a network of 463 branches and a loan book of 77.81 billion rupees ($1.7 billion).As on March 2009, BoR had 463 branches and 111 ATMs, total assets of Rs 17,224 crore, deposits of Rs 15,187 crore and advances of Rs 7,781 crore. †¢ 12. ICICI After merger PE ratio22.97 10/06/10EPS (Rs)36.10 Mar, 10Sales (Rs crore)5,826.98 Mar, 10Face Value (Rs)10 Net profit margin (%)9.74 Mar, 09Last dividend (%)120 26/04/10Return on average equity7.58 Mar, 09 1 millions = 10 lakhs 1 billions = 100 crores 1 trillions = 100,000 crores

Opinion on American Gothic Painting

I have seen this image, but don’t know the tittle. I have seen it in movies, cartoons, and parodies of the painting. The painting is a male and female who most likely live on farmland. The male is holding a pitchfork, both of them look very serious but looking in different directions. They may either be just posing for the painting or waiting for intruders to leave their property. The male and female look bothered with something, they are not happy. They are wearing old-fashioned clothes, very traditional American clothes. They look healthy but the male looks older than the female, maybe her father or an older husband at the time. They look like typical suburban American people at the time. The top of their house looks a little like a church but they are definitely farmers. The painting represents the typical American family/folk in a certain time period and area. The painting is famous because it’s the reality of suburban American life at that time, and this may be controversial. No one likes to hear/see the truth. I did not know the name of the painting so I googled, â€Å"famous American paintings†. It was the first photo that came up, so I clicked on it and found out the artist and the painting’s name. I googled the name of the painting and got many websites that have material on it. The artist’s name is Grant Wood native of Chicago. The painting is of a farmer and his daughter posing in posing in front of their house, whose window and tracery had an American gothic style, which inspired the name of the painting, â€Å"American Gothic†. The models were the artist’s sister and dentist. Wood was accused of creating in this work a satire on the intolerance and strictness that the limited nature of rural life can produce. He sold this painting to the Art institute in November of 1930.

Examining The Domestic Violence Of Children Social Work Essay Example

Examining The Domestic Violence Of Children Social Work Essay Example Examining The Domestic Violence Of Children Social Work Essay Examining The Domestic Violence Of Children Social Work Essay In a recent instance, the inquiry of specifying the domestic force has arose where was what is meant by the word force in subdivision 177 of the Housing Act 1996. Is it limited to physical contact or does it include other signifiers of violent behavior? The significance of domestic force has been seen in a different position namingly in a broader mode than the definition that has been used. The Court held that domestic force in s. 177 ( 1 ) of the 1996 Act includes physical force, endangering or intimidating behaviors and any other signifier of maltreatment which, straight or indirectly, may give rise to the hazard of injury. Violence is non a term of art. It is capable of bearing several significances and using to many different types of behavior. These can alter and develop over clip. The indispensable inquiry is whether an updated significance is consistent with the statutory intent. Naming the job The different nomenclature used to discourse the issue of kids, immature people and domestic force reflects both turning apprehension of the issue, and the complexness and diverseness of kids and immature people s experiences. Earlier literature, for illustration, often referred to kids who witness force, with the portraiture of kids as silent informants rather common. Recently, the term exposed to force has more often been used, because it is more inclusive and does non do premises about the specific nature of the kids s experiences .[ 2 ] In Australia, the footings experiencing, [ 3 ]affected by, [ 4 ]living with force have progressively been used. These footings emphasise that kids are really much affected by domestic force and indicate that the impacts pervade many facets of their lives. What is progressively clear, peculiarly from qualitative surveies, is that kids and immature people are non simply inactive looker-ons in households where there is domestic force: they are actively involved in seeking to do significance of their experiences and in covering with the hard and terrorizing state of affairss which confront them.[ 5 ] Children s experiences of domestic force Children experience domestic force in countless ways. Some of these may ensue in direct physical injury to the kid. For illustration, force may get down or intensify during a adult female s gestation, with adult females often describing that the maltreater intentionally directed blows at their chests, venters and venereal country while pregnant.[ 6 ] A adult female may be assaulted while keeping an baby in her weaponries, or when seeking to protect her kid from maltreatment by her spouse. A kid or immature individual may be injured when they try to step in to protect a parent who is being assaulted. One-third of the kids in a Western Australian survey[ 7 ]reported holding been hit by their male parents while seeking to support their female parent or to halt the force. A file reappraisal of kids seen in the exigency section of a US kids s infirmary with hurts ensuing from household force ( excepting kids who were victims of direct physical maltreatment ) over a 10 twelvemonth period provides some penetration into the types and forms of hurt to kids who witness force.[ 8 ]The survey identified 139 kids and immature people, runing in age from two hebdomads to 17 old ages. Although the mean age of kids identified was five old ages, about half ( 48 per cent ) of the kids were under two old ages of age ; 10 per cent were younger than one month ; and 33 per cent were younger than one twelvemonth. Twenty-four per cent of the kids received their hurts while trying to step in in a battle. For 57 per cent of the kids, hurts were minor, while for 40 per centum, they were reasonably terrible. Nine per centum required hospital admittance. The writers comment that since the bulk of hurts were minor 1s to the caput or appendages, many such instances with hurts d ue to household force may be overlooked in the absence of direct revelation because such hurts are common in kids. Children and immature people may straight detect force or they may go aware of it in a assortment of ways: they may be in another room and hear what occurs ; they may be woken and hear portion of the force ; they may see the bruising and hurt of their female parents and the broken and damaged belongings when they return from school or wake up in the forenoon. Children and immature people besides live with the effects of force on the wellness and rearing capacity of their female parents. For illustration, domestic force has been associated with increased hazard for adult females developing substance maltreatment jobs[ 9 ]mental ailment wellness[ 10 ]and suicidality.[ 11 ] Children may besides be involved in the force in ways which encourage a sense of duty for the force.[ 12 ]For illustration, the violent incident may happen in the context of statements about the kids[ 13 ]or the maltreater may utilize the kids to hale the female parent to return place: He locked the door and said I had to remain. He said I had to remain with him until Dendranthema grandifloruom decided to populate with him once more but she wo nt. Mum managed to name the constabulary. She grabbed me and we ran to the auto but he ran after us and jumped on the auto to halt us acquiring off. I was so frightened and weeping.[ 14 ] If a adult female separates from her maltreater, the kids may populate with the go oning fright that he will return and that the force will get down once more.[ 15 ]After separation, the kids may happen that, through issues of contact agreements, they move from the fringe to the Centre of the struggle.[ 16 ] Much of the foregoing relates to the experience by kids of physical force towards their female parents: lupus erythematosus is known about the impact on kids of the other facets of domestic force such as verbal and emotional maltreatment, societal isolation, and economic want. Herman ( 1992 )[ 17 ]points out that the well recognized isolation of households in which force occurs does non simply go on , but is enforced by the maltreater as a tactic to keep control over household members. As a effect, the societal lives of abused kids are besides deeply limited by the demand to maintain up visual aspects and continue secretiveness. [ 18 ] The moral force of secretiveness pervades the lives of kids populating with domestic force.[ 19 ]Populating with secretivenesss can be a beginning of shame for kids[ 20 ]and can be a barrier to the development of relationships with equals. Not merely is the secret of force to be kept from those outside the household: Peled ( 1998 )[ 21 ]found that the force was typically non discussed by household members until outside bureaus became involved. If adult females separate from an opprobrious spouse, the secretiveness around the force in the place may be exchanged for secretiveness refering the household s new reference .[ 22 ] Children and immature people may besides see the effects of intercessions, such as the engagement of the constabulary, motion to a safety or to a relation s house. In Australia in 1997/98, 34,663 kids and immature people accompanied victims of domestic force to Supported Accommodation Assistance Program ( SAAP ) services ( Women s Services Network 2000 ) . Sudden, rushed turbulences and alterations in adjustment bring with them break of schooling and important losingss, such as friends, pets, playthings, milieus, activities and athleticss.[ 23 ]Peled ( 1998 )[ 24 ]found from interviews with pre-adolescent kids that the intercession of constabularies and other outside bureaus who labelled their male parent a condemnable marked a major turning point in kids s apprehension of their state of affairss. FORCED MARRIAGE Child MARRIAGE Award BASED VIOLENCE Forced matrimony and alleged honour offense are a misdemeanor of human rights and may be a signifier of domestic and/or sexual force. So-called Honour Based Violence cuts across all civilizations, nationalities, religion groups and communities. Such force transcends national and international boundaries. 1.18 The definition we have adopted for forced matrimony is: A matrimony without the consent of one or both parties and where duress is a factor . A forced matrimony is distinguishable from an ordered matrimony. In ordered matrimonies, although households may take a prima function in taking the spouses, the pick of whether or non to accept to the agreement remains with the possible partners. 1.19 The definition we have adopted in regard to honour offense is: a offense or incident that has or may hold been committed to protect or support the honor of the household and/or community. The simpleness of the definition is non intended in any manner to understate the degrees of force, injury and injury caused by such Acts of the Apostless. We are cognizant that honor offense is a aggregation of patterns, which are used to command behavior within households to protect sensed cultural and spiritual Hertz Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Domestic Violence beliefs and/or honor. Such force can happen when culprits perceive that a relation has shamed their household and/or their community by interrupting their honor codification. 1.20 We will guarantee that when sing instances of domestic force we will be aware that victims may be subjected to coerce from households, friends and communities within this context. Domestic VIOLENCE: Impact ON CHILDREN IN UK In most instances, it has been recorded that these kids and immature people who had been populating, witnessing or been involved with the domestic force are of certain types of behaviour. They tend to take a life which is off from the norms of other kids and immature people. Their attitude and behaviour has been impacted by the domestic force which can be seen in sociological and psychological mode. This is a forceful impact on them as this disrupts their normal childhood every bit good as their schooling and academic making. Consequence on Behaviors: Internalization and societal acquisition theory Emotional and psychological The first impact that can be clearly seen on kids and immature people who face domestic force is that they are disturbed emotionally compared to other normal life taking kids. The trauma experience that they face at place will be a major function in their unnatural emotional attitude. This can be witness as this group of people will be given to be more aggressive in their interaction and communicating as their look is ever a great nuisance for those around them. The domestic force could do these kids and immature people the common job of anxiousness[ 25 ], societal backdown[ 26 ]and depression.[ 27 ] It is our ignorance to presume that the kid or a immature individual is of quiet character when the bash non interact much compared to other normal groups. The silence maintained by those kids and immature people is dude to emphasize and emotional jobs which they face at place.[ 28 ]The ignorance of people around them where no 1 bothers or realizes of these kids will decline the state of affairs when they feel isolated. The kid is immatureness is covering with the emotions and jobs added with deficiency of concern on them leads them to traumatic and clinical concern. This is agreed with a rese arch[ 29 ]done on kids of battered adult female where it showed that 68 % of the preschool kids and 53 % of school age kids had depression that is a clinical concern.[ 30 ] The depression comprised of anxiousness, societal backdown and depression that they are traveling through are of the same depression that the abused female parent goes through.[ 31 ]Home Office[ 32 ]shows that 75 % of these victims are of depression which is a clinical concern. They have the fright of when will the culprit attack them following and a strong letdown that they are non able to get away this maltreatment upon them and salvage their kids out of it. This opprobrious environment leads the kids and immature people to a deep emphasis, depression and anxiousness where they will get down to avoid societal environment, they ever want to be unnoticed, questioned about their personal life and ever retreat from everything that makes others recognize of their presence. The type of behaviour that a kid has due to the impact of domestic force is of anxiousness, societal backdown and depression. The unsupportive environment at place is the root cause for their psychological and emotional alteration. Anxiety The restless head about what will go on next in the house, when the maltreater will assail following and who will be victimized is all about the anxiousness being faced by the kids and immature people. The object at place which had been apparent of force including broken furniture, blood stained rugs and walls, contusions physically earlier are a great reminder for kids and immature people to fear of what would go on following. Will they be attacked once more and will it ache more are of unstoppable inquiry which run in their heads which shows the kids are off from their ego control.[ 33 ] Silence and backdown Bing soundless and non acquiring involved in anything around them are the best manner possible that any kid or immature people would utilize to acquire rid of being abused violently or their household members are being violated. This show the kid is soundless and withdrawn. This can be taught verbally and/or visually through associatory acquisition agencies.[ 34 ] The thought can be clearly visualised as in the kid ever witness the reaction given by their victim in two ways either the maltreater violently attacks the victim where the victims remains soundless to avoid controversial. This is besides give positive comments that the maltreatment being made will stop earlier due to the silence and withdrawal attitude possess by the victim. This will quiet down the culprit from go oning to move more sharply. However the one more reaction given by the household member which is being abused is to contend back the culprit where the maltreatment is worsen by the battle back. The force does non halt but go on and attacked worse than earlier as the culprit gets more angry when the victim travel against him. The addition of force make the kids to come to a decision that lone silence and backdown will salvage them from acquiring into any of the problem. They prefer non to travel against anyone in the hope that they will non be attacked or will be less attacked by the maltreater. This shows a great impact of domestic force on kids and immature people s behavior. Depression the depression may originate for kids and immature people when they feel that they are less of import among others, feelings of powerless and feelings of unable to salvage their household members particularly mother from being abused. This depression may traumatise them particularly when they do non acquire a proper internal and external supports.[ 35 ]It could be applied that the behaviours they learn are applied to societal larning theory when it is observed a norms.[ 36 ]This could be seen as an illustration where these kids will utilize the norms that they witness in their day-to-day life as theoretical accounts to take their life as that s the lone cognition they have and experience have approximately. Such as the depression, backdown, silence, anxiousness and soundlessness where they learn from what they witness by their household members particularly their female parent are being followed by these kids and immature people. The easiest reply for this as they have no chance is s ing a better norm or behaviour. Social acquisition can besides be applied by detecting an existent activity and seeing what it achieves which is sometimes referred to as associatory acquisition.[ 37 ]This has been a great illustration for kids as they see their female parent who is being abused remain soundless to avoid farther maltreatment or its less likely to happen. A instance survey which demonstrates this sort of social larning behavior has been highlighted by a instance brought frontward to the Domestic Violence Integrated Response Project ( DVIRP ) ,[ 38 ]a support web based in the East Midlands ( UK ) which offers supports including the Break-Thru programme for kids aged 7-16 old ages who have witnessed and or experienced domestic force. An 8 twelvemonth old male child was referred to the Break-Thru programme for curative Sessionss after he had witnessed domestic force. The male child stated that every clip his male parent hits his female parent, he would be hit every bit good if he tries to support his female parent. So due to avoid from being attack by his male parent, he would remain in the upstairs and stay silence by merely listening to the maltreatment made to his female parent. This shows domestic force ha a great impact of kids and immature people as in act uponing them to remain quiet, retreating from hard state of affairss as they learn this method is the best to cut down and avoid problem. Effectss on behavior: Externalization and societal acquisition theory The impact of domestic force has on kids and immature people do consequence their behavior in an externalized mode[ 39 ]where they behave in aggressive, hostile, riotous and anti- societal behaviors compared to kids from non-violent places, similar to that of the culprit largely who is considered as male. Aggresive All this piece, it has been seen how the kids and immature people are influenced in a hapless mode where they are being timid and avoiding all the problems by being silence and withdrawing in all fortunes. However there is besides another manner domestic force could give impact on kids and immature people, they can be aggressive as in antonym to what the behavioural above. There are those kids and immature people who copy and follow the behavioral of culprit s behaviour. This made them to move up every bit aggressive where it shows societal larning theory of aggressive behavior[ 40 ]where the kids use this method to accomplish whatever they want. The kids and immature people will get down to utilize force on the weak side to derive their penchant as a followers of what the culprit usage on their female parent to derive high quality.[ 41 ] However it has besides been researched that these kids externalization behaviour of aggressiveness does vary harmonizing to alterations of topographic points like in school, place, friendly relationship and accommodation to topographic points[ 42 ]they live compared to those populating with the culprits without any alterations in their milieus. Copying the maltreatment behavior of parents It has been seen in the research[ 43 ]done that most kids and immature people who are of externalised behavior of aggressiveness considers and follow the root of their culprits behaviour which they witness at place. They will seek to copy and pattern this violent behavior.[ 44 ]Similar results of experimental acquisition have been found in other surveies and research environing the effects of domestic force upon behavior. The instance survey sing the 8year old male child brought frontward by DVIRP, as discussed antecedently, highlighted that the male child displayed externalised behaviors including choler for which he had no mercantile establishment ; this resulted in him copying his male parent s behavior and being aggressive by hitting his Dendranthema grandifloruom and interrupting family ownerships. This instance, along with other such instances which are demonstrated through research by the likes of McGee ( 2000 )[ 45 ]and Abrahams ( 1994 )[ 46 ], highlight that kids s function theoretical accounts ( parents ) do to a great extent act upon behaviors ; if the kid had non witnessed his male parent s violent behavior he may non hold externalised aggression, he may hold been able to spread his choler through alternate methods. Affects equals relationship Those kids and immature people who are affected by this type of behaviors are type of group where they like to decide their interpersonal troubles in an aggressive manner. This is due to the life of them where they lived in place of heightened ill will. This could be seen clearly when they pattern those attitude among their equals where they use manner of aggression and ill will where they learn from culprits at place.[ 47 ]The interaction between the equals of this group of kids affecting less friendship but more of laterality by the domestic violent affected kid as they prefer to utilize force instead than proper communicating compared to others. Drug and intoxicant maltreatment The impact that domestic force has on the kids and immature people can take to usage of drugs and intoxicant maltreatment.[ 48 ] Runing off Juvenile delinquency this could be seen in the recent instance where media attending surrounded the Edlington onslaught where dangerous bodily injury with purpose was committed by two male childs aged 10 and 11. The barrister on the instance has explained good that this utmost behavior done was caused by what they had witnessed at place by the utmost force and condemnable behavior of the parents of domestic force. This kids were defended by great points which was brought by the barrister that the kids are of toxic place life where the informant extreme threaten which was put frontward by their male parent including threating to slit their female parents face to spots with a knife.[ 49 ] However it could be argued that it was non confirmed that the utmost behavior of the kids are due to the impact of domestic force in that peculiar instance. To see in a broader graduated table, it is non an issue to knock on what graduated table that these hostile behavior is of whether it is a low graduated table degree or utmost degree. It is important that they are to be impacting the ulterior phase of the life which includes the equal socialization, school acquisition and ego development during the childhood.[ 50 ] Violent behavior in grownup relationship The research workers have focused on the impact of domestic force on kids and immature people as they make passages into maturity where most theories have explained that they tend to hold cycle of force [ 51 ]subsequently on their life as an grownup due to the experiences of domestic force as kids and immature people. This is due to the attitude of projecting the violent and opprobrious behavior while childhood.[ 52 ] The behavioral impacts of domestic force on instruction and the school response 4.1 Overview Education is widely accepted as to hike economic and societal capital as in to keep one s life. It is widely understood accepted by the society that mandatory instruction is a must for kids and immature people. This is due to the system which emphasises on societal accomplishments ( interacting with equals, coachs, affecting in treatments ) , moral and cultural cognition ( through larning History, Music ) , administration accomplishments ( cues in conformity, deadlines and school uniforms ) and academic accomplishments ( through Maths and Science ) which will be a prima way for them for a successful life way. The kids who are non able to get by up with the instruction norms by truanting and excepting themselves will be a great concern for parents and instructors.[ 53 ] Domestic force does non enforce direct impact on kids as per researches done, though the impacts are instead limited yet of great significance. However it has been proved relevantly that domestic force does give negative impacts on kids and immature people in societal scenes which include school.[ 54 ] Pro societal behavior is seen in kids and immature people when the household scene is of positive[ 55 ]and negative consequence is seen in those of hapless household fond regard and negative household relationship between kid and parents.[ 56 ] It is agreed that kids and immature people of domestic force background are more likely to be involved in negative behaviors outside place which increase the chance of school troubles. It is easy to state that the domestic force impact affects the kids and immature people variously when they do non conform with the instruction system and unable to accomplish proper academic making. Those impacts include increased hazard of ulterior employment issues,[ 57 ]engagement in offense[ 58 ]and mental wellness jobs.[ 59 ]It is non to discourse the current impact s of domestic force After analyzing the possible effects of witnessing domestic force on the kid s behavior in the old chapter, this chapter shall concentrate on analyzing the effects that these negative internalised and externalised behaviors have on the kid s instruction Internalised and externalised behaviors: Impact on schooling Learning As seen earlier those kids who have been affected psychologically and emotionally by domestic force have internalised behaviors of anxiousness, societal backdown and depression, and externalised behaviors of a riotous and aggressive nature compared to normal life taking groups.[ 60 ] Largely these type of affected kids and immature people are non able to command their behavior from societal scenes outside their place where they will hold jobs in grownup relationship, aggressive or hapless communicating with equals, low rate of concentration in school and overall hapless accomplishments in school.[ 61 ] Ill handling others The aggressiveness which shown by these group of people is the result of the procedure of domestic force at place. Ones these kids are placed outside of their place frame, they are ungratified of what might b go oning to their abused parent while they are non present at place. This state of affairs increases the badness where they will ill handle those people around them in schools.[ 62 ] And if [ Dad ] round Mum up I would be at school thought .What if I go place and Mum is nt at that place? What if something s happened?[ 63 ] Lose concentration in school activities Domestic force has affected the concentration and engagement in school activities where kids and immature people has internalised behaviors of fright and anxiousness.[ 64 ]Those who are traumatised and suffer domestic force are most likely to be withdrawn from category and their head are wholly disconnected from the environment they are where this consequences in non concentrating on what has been taught to them.[ 65 ] Unable survey at place This state of affairs adds up to troubles for those kids and immature people from place survey and revising their topics as they do non happen a peaceable environment at place due to domestic force. This gives a great impact on the kids s potency in accomplishing academically. Traumatic It could be added that these kids would besides impact other pupils in category and instructors as domestic force does do harm to their learning procedure.[ 66 ]That type of kids and immature people will be seen as disturbing and troublesome by the equals and instructors as these may be consequence of Post-Traumatic Stress.[ 67 ] whenever I hear the instructor cheering, I merely used to cover my ears cause I do nt desire to hear no one cheering it was like bells pealing in my caput [ 68 ] At times, it could be seen that these kids and immature people would move up in aggressive and illicit mode towards the equals and instructor as in defeat due to the reaction, remarks, tone which was expressed by them reminds of the culprit did in procedure of maltreatment they witness at place. This illustrates how domestic force can be damaging to the communicative accomplishments of kids and immature people because they gain distorted perceptual experiences of the purposes, feelings, and behaviors of others [ 69 ]within the school environment. Social Exclusion and Impact on Attendance Affecting equals interaction in school Not merely are kids likely to endure academically because of their behavioral symptoms, their relationships with equals and other grownups are besides likely to be affected. Internalised behaviors such as depression, anxiousness and backdown are symptoms which can except the kid or immature individual from their equals ; their post-traumatic symptoms or behaviors may acutely upset a developing close relationship with a best friend, make a sense of isolation from equals, or lead to societal banishment .[ 70 ]This social banishment is further increased when kids have to travel schools because they need to be re-housed or take shelter in a adult females s safety off from their violent place. This disjunction from both the academic and societal life at school may take kids and immature people who have been traumatised at place ( in this instance by domestic force ) to go socially excluded from the norms of school life. Truancy Social exclusion may act upon attending rates as some kids ( changing between ages ) who become socially excluded from their equals and school patterns may truant by remaining at place or even roll the streets. Harmonizing to research on th

The supreme court, in the case of kelo v. The city of new london

The supreme court, in the case of kelo v. The city of new london In America, there have been severe allegations that activist judges have grown. This has been the result of some decisions that have been taken by judges that have not gone down well with most politicians and other people. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The supreme court, in the case of kelo v. The city of new london specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Diverse views are raised on the ruling of judges. For some activist judges exist and for others, there does not exist any judges that are activists; rather those you disagree with in their judgments do turn out to be so (at least in your sight.) sensitive cases that have drawn a lot of hullabaloos has been those involving same sex, stem cell operations, abortion among others. The original dissent on cases relating to eminent domain was set up by Justice O’Connor. In her previous ruling she stated that it was allowed for private property to be transferred to anoth er private individual for economic development as long as it is bound to be improved and used in a way that is beneficial to the public in itself or in the process of development (Bodenhamer Ely 14). This precedent has opened leeway for abuse. The case of Kelo vs. The City of New London is one of eminent domain. It was worked out following the precedent set by Justice O’Connor. The facts of this case relate to the use of eminent domain. New London, which is a city in Connecticut, ceased some property that was not for public use and sold it to some people who were to develop it for private purposes (Merriam Ross 180). The city was of the opinion that by coming up with these developments, jobs would be created in the process. Equally there was to be an increase in revenues from taxes. Kelo Susette and some other people who had lost their land by this repossession placed a suit in court against New London. The issues relating to the case included: the property owners raised a n argument that by its actions, the city was in essence violating the Fifth Amendments clause that deals with takings. In this clause, a provision is made for the government to accord just compensation for any private property taken by them. Another issue arising was the determination of whether taking this property and selling it to private developers was in essence a public use of the land. The Supreme Court of Connecticut ruled in favour of New London. In his ruling, Justice John Paul Stevens, stated that the taking qualified to be for public use in relation to the takings clause. The city by taking the land did not intend to benefit a certain group of privates but was intended for an economic development plan. Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further the judge noted that the Fifth Amendment was not after the literal public use but rather broader interpretation that coul d include public purpose. The bench of judges was accused of being an activist in this case. Upon this ruling, there was outrage and politics in New London became rife. This forced there to be council elections. Due to the claims of activism among judges, Pfizer, which was the drug company that had been allocated the land for a public purpose, announced that it was getting out of the deal and was not going to develop the property again. This was as an aftermath of the public outrage on the seizure of the land. The research center that they had initially set up had to be shut down. Another aftermath of this case is that States were left struggling to clearly define what eminent domain was to envisage. States were asked to consider their individual standards for eminent domain. This case is considered to be activist because the court was accused of having to strain what would otherwise be the plain implications by the constitution to end up achieving their predetermined desirable end s. The main reason the Fifth Amendment Act was formulated was to protect government infringement into private property. Public use of the land should then have indicated that the land be applied generally for public purposes and not be given to a private developer. The court was accused of having abused the precedent that was set by Justice O’Connor. Concerns were further raised that the court put an emphasis on what originally was supposed to be a public use to be a public purpose. Basing on this, there is created an endless way in which the clause can be abused. Work Cited Bodenhamer, David Ely, James. The Bill of Rights in modern America. Indiana: Indiana University Press, 2008. Print. Merriam, Dwight Ross, Mary. Eminent domain use and abuse: Kelo in context. Chicago, Illinois: American Bar Association, 2006. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The supreme court, in the case of kelo v. The city of new london specifically for you for only $ 16.05 $11/page Learn More

Poetry Writing Courses for International Students

Poetry Writing Courses for International Students Poetry Writing Courses for International Students People usually write poems because they want to capture a moment or certain emotion they have experienced. Poetry employs a different approach to communication with the reader. This genre of literature has its own devices and techniques to convey your experience to the audience. Practice makes perfect, but if you write poems, or at least tried to, you know that prior knowledge of these techniques is extremely helpful. Here is a list of courses that will help you start the journey into poetry, improve your skills as a writer and publish your work. Some of the courses are free and some of them are paid, but all of them are online, and thus, suitable for international students. â€Å"What is poetry?† from OpenLearn is a free course, a popular platform for online studies. It is great for beginners as it covers the basics, teaches how to use writing techniques and literary devices. This course is designed for people who wish to start writing poems, but for some reason keep postponing. It can help you realize what stops you from writing, and free your imagination. â€Å"Poetry writing† form Gotham Writers is useful for those who cant find their way with words. The course teaches how to make the most powerful impact on the reader, but also addresses the forms of poetry and writing techniques. This course is also held in New York, so you can take it in person if you live near this location, or if you are going to visit the city in time of their workshop. â€Å"Writing poetry† from University of Oxford focuses on writing devices and how to use them. If you trust university education more than private courses, than this course might be better for you. After completing it, you will feel more confident in your writing skills, learn different types of verse forms and poetic structures. â€Å"Poetry writing course† from London School of Journalism consists of 8 lessons. It is a complete course that walks you through from the basics to getting published. If you want to find your personal style this one is definitely for you. â€Å"ENGL 310: Modern Poetry† is one of the introductory courses from Yale University. It consists of 25 free lectures and an exam. The course is useful for people who would like to get acquainted with authors of modern poetry and find inspiration in their writing. â€Å"Writing and reading poetry†, interestingly enough, is yet another poetry writing course from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It has an emphasis on practice of making poetry and analyzing 20th century poetry. This course is more useful for students, who already know everything in theory and want to start practicing. If you want to start writing poems or you do, but feel like something is missing from your work, or you just cant get published for some reason, take up an online course. Fill the gaps in your knowledge or skills. On another note, in an auditorium, you will have to share your progress with a bunch of other students. If you are a beginner and feel intimidated with taking a creative group course, an online programme is a good place to start. Visit our trustworthy writing service to buy student essays online if you need help with writing your academic papers.

General Kantian Perspective on Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

General Kantian Perspective on Punishment - Essay Example In this theory, punishment is not justified by any good results but by the guilt of the criminal and therefore, a criminal must pay for their misdoings in a way that is proportional to the harm inflicted by their wrongdoing. This was very common in many traditions and it is clearly seen in the Jewish tradition in the Bible specifically in the Law of Moses. In the event that a person is tried and found guilty and punishable of a crime, the individual automatically forfeits or suspends an equal value of his or her right to something. Kant contends that the punishment must fit the crime committed and argues that a crime committed to another person is a crime perpetrated to one self. He contends that the most appropriate punishment for a murderer is capital punishment (execution). If a person who has committed a murder is allowed to live, justice is not done and this exemplifies a subversion of justice and the very essence of humanity in the world. Punishment of an equal measure is in al l ways justified by the criminal act of the criminal, this is the right of retaliation and punishment in the mode of ‘like for like’. Retributive justice often faces a lot of criticism especially from human rights activists who say that it is a violation of the natural rights of the offender. Natural rights are the basic and fundamental rights to all human beings by virtue of being creatures of nature; these are the rights that every human being is born with and cannot be taken away by anyone or any government or society. These rights protect us against the deprivations that can be imposed by the interests of others on us. Chief among natural rights is the right to life and the right to own property. Other natural rights include the freedom of worship, right to participate in government and politics, and the freedom of expression. Natural rights are based on the assumption that human beings are naturally rational and good and thus enjoy certain rights that are absolute at all levels or stages of the human life. Punishment should not violate the natural rights that individuals are entitled to because this would cause more harm than good, â€Å"we ought not to impose such harm on anyone unless we have a very good reason for doing so† (Golash 1). In retributive justice, the punishment in most cases is seen to override and violate the natural rights of the culprits/offenders. It is seen to be very punitive and does no good to the society. Retributive punishment is in no way tied to the impact it might have on the society but in the punishment of the offender in a manner that is commensurate to the crime committed (Rosen 7). The only fit or rather reasonable punishment for a person who has killed another person is that he should die; therefore, in taking away another man’s life, which the offender cannot reinstate, he or she forfeits or suspends his/her natural right to life, this is the right punishment for like with like. Justice should never at any time be exercised for the encouraging another good either regarding to the unlawful or the society. Justice is administered because an individual has committed a crime and is solely responsible for his actions and should be subjected to a punishment of an equal measure to the crime committed. Matters of justice are therefore not in any way contingent with the natural rights of a guilty individual. According to the maxim of the Pharisees, it is better that one man is put to death than that all people should perish; in this regard if righteousness and justice perish then human life loses its value dignity and essence in the world. The idea of keeping a man who has been condemned to death alive is therefore a

Three Named Map Projections Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Three Named Map Projections - Assignment Example In other words, a map highlights the relationship presents between different elements, such as objects and regions, present in the area that it represents. A map can also be defined as a representation of whole or a portion of Earth on a levelled surface to a specific scale. Maps gained their utility from the fact that they were much easier to carry, utilize as well as store then globes, and significantly eased the development of representation on different scales that were both larger and smaller than those possible on globes (Government of Minitoba, 2011). However, while maps allowed for such enhancement, they also introduced several complexities in the art of map drawing (cartography). One of the major problems that were faced by cartographers was the accurate representation of an ellipsoid object on a flat mapping surface. As a result of research on this topic, map projections were introduced. Map projections are methods which are used to represent whole or part of a sphere or a three-dimensional body on to a planar surface (Riesterer, 2008). In terms of earth mapping, map projections were initially used to transfer the features of a globe , such as coordinates and outlines of land areas on to a piece of map. Initially, light was used to "project" a wire globe onto a flat surface, however, as the research progressed these methods were replaced with more scientific method involving mathematical equations and use of computers (Government of Minitoba, 2011). There are basically three major types of projections, cylindrical, planar and conic which are based on the shape of the flat surface (usually paper) on to which the sphere is projected. A cylindrical projection is one in which lines of longitudes are mapped to equidistant vertical lines while rings of latitude are mapped on to horizontal lines. In a planar projection, the directions from the central point are preserved, and great circles through the central points are shown by straight lines on the map. In the conical projection, the lines of longitudes are projected on to a conical surface joining at the apex of the cone. The lines of latitudes are drawn on the cone as rings. This cone is then cut along any longitude line to obtain the conical projection (Riesterer, 2008). All subsequent developments of map project use these three map projections as their basis. An aspect which is considering during the projection process is the aspect of the shape. The aspect of the map describes how the surface is oriented in relation to the sphere or globe. The surface can be normal, transverse or oblique or can also be tangent or secant to the globe. A projection may also be affected by the approximation that is used to measure the shape of the Earth. Some map projection use the approximation of Earth as a sphere, even though Earth is actually and ellipsoid. The use of sphere vs. ellipsoid for Earth approximation is decided by quantifying the advantages and disadvantages of each approximation me thod. Though a more accurate model of Earth, called geoid, exists however it is no used in mapping due to the significant amount of complexities involved in its use (Government of Minitoba, 2011). Despite the fact that more and more accurate methods are being developed as the research in the field of cartography has progressed, it is important to understand that a globe is the only true representation of the Earth's sphere and all attempts made to project it on to a flat surface introduce some sort of distortion in one way or the other. This distortion can be understood from the example of peeling of an orange. Any attempt made to straighten the peel will result in creation of tear and wrinkles on the surface of the peel creating distortion

ART Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

ART - Essay Example This creates a horizontal line that shows stability. On the other hand, the big skull in the middle of the artwork does not only serve as the focus of the piece but it also adds to the height of the structure, giving a sense of balance to the length in proportion to the height. Most of the figures are made from bronze, painted with patina and pigment to create a convincingly natural look especially when seen from afar. The skull as the focal point is not only positioned at the center of the figure but is also exaggerated in size that it is made bigger than the other figures. Comparing the skull to the size of the beheaded red figure or the lion for instance, their sizes are not proportionate to each other although the figures are at almost the same distance from the viewer. This perhaps symbolizes the importance of the skull which probably portrays the farmer or caretaker of the wheat field. The skull looks scary with its eyes colored dark compounded by the dark inscribed lines and d ark disfigured nose in contrast to the lighter shade of its larger part. Such inscribed lines are also vertical and larger in size, giving a more defined contrast to the finer horizontal lines which have high key, showing off white to middle values. The skin on the skull resembles that of a mummified cadaver which is dry and brittle. On the right side of the skull, from the viewer’s point of view, is a dead tree with several branches that makes it look old and beautiful. The branches moving towards different directions add to the beauty of the artwork in general because of the contrast in lines that they depict. Just beside the tree is a polychromatic biomorphic figure of a parrot. The juxtaposition of the skull, tree and bird gives a contrast between death and life. The skull and the dead tree reflect death with their appearances but the color of the bird exudes life. Speaking of colors, the artist used the warm primary colors such as red and yellow as well as the cool prima ry color, blue. Secondary colors such as warm orange and cool green are also used. These contrast the lifeless and dull colors of other figures like the skull and tree. Moreover, the parrot is positioned in such a way that it implies life and movement. The position of its body suggests that it is turned away from the skull but with its head twisted to its side to appear like it is looking at the skull; the bird gives the appearance that it is moving. Towards the right side of the bird is a green amorphous figure holding a yellow pole, another contrasting image using a warm primary color against a cool secondary color. Further on the right side is an anthill with a large egg on top. The amorphous anthill again represents another contrasting element of the artwork considering the its uncertain shape to the spherical shape of the egg. Moreover, the anthill is created in such a manner that has the simulated texture of soil while the egg has an implied texture of the smooth shell of an e gg. Nevertheless, both the anthill and egg are not really monochromatic as they seem at first glance but they actually have different hues which could be noticeable upon careful inspection. On the left side of the focal point are an uncertain image in patina, a mask and a lion. The three images seem to have been deliberately placed where they are to

Is Wind Power Green Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Is Wind Power Green - Research Paper Example On the other hand, fossil oil is not green. Fossil oil produces carbon monoxide (the motor vehicles’ intoxicating exhaust fumes). Fossil oil pollutes the earth’s atmosphere. Fossil oil suffocates the lungs of city residents. Fossil oil destroys life. Green power comes from several sources. First, solar energy comes from maximizing the suns’ energy. Solar panels can convert the sun’s energy to electrical energy. Second, geothermal energy, comes from hot springs. Another source of geothermal energy is the volcanic heat escaping the earth’s internal areas. Third, Ethanol energy comes from grain alcohol. Ethanol is extracted from corn, barley, sugarcane another sugar-based feedstock. Fourth, wind energy comes from windmills and tall free standing turbines. Historically, windmills have been used in Holland for generate energy. Also, the use of green wind energy creates eliminates the hazards and pollution of fossil fuel-based energy. Sidney Borowitz (199 9) emphasized â€Å"Fossil fuels are the remains of organic matter that, over hundreds of millions of years, have undergone substantial physical changes induced by pressure and chemical changes caused by the action of bacteria. The fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. They provide the United States with about 90 percent of the energy it uses. This energy was originally provided by the sun, which made it possible for the plants to grow.† In terms of wind energy, Borowitz (1999) reiterated â€Å"Fossil fuels are the remains of organic matter that, over hundreds of millions of years, have undergone substantial physical changes induced by pressure and chemical changes caused by the action of bacteria. The fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. They provide the United States with about 90 percent of the energy it uses. This energy was originally provided by the sun, which made it possible for the plants to grow†. Using coal will damage the earth’s envir onment. Borowitz (1999) insists coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on earth. Coal creates the biggest damage on the environment. Burning coal creates polluting smoke. The polluting smoke makes breathing difficult. The polluting smoke damages the Ozone layer. Wind energy reduces the air pollution trend in major cities of the United States. Judith Cherni (2002) states the concentration of industrial manufacturing plants’ exhausts immensely contributes to the atmosphere’s pollution. The air pollution significantly derails the average person’s health. Different air pollutant types exert different degrees of health damage to the people. The degree or concentration of the pollutants generates various effects on the average county resident. To reduce the current air pollution trends, the states’ air pollution policies must be effectively and deficiently revised and set into immediate motion. Likewise, a research conducted by Cornelis Van Kooten (2009) shows t hat the earth’s wind energy supplies potential research shows that the world’s wind energy supply potential influentially surpasses the world’s energy needs. However, only one percent of the world’s electricity need is presently supplied by the green wind power. The fact is true even though there is an almost fifty percent yearly growth in the wind producing capabilities over the past twenty five years. Almost 100 percent of the entire green wind energy had been

Discuss the types of relational databases and their advantages Essay

Discuss the types of relational databases and their advantages - Essay Example In this scenario, the Join function is used to unite relations, the project operation is performed to identify attributes and the select queries are performed for accessing data. However, like other database models, a relational database also supports several other functions such as insert, update and delete (Oak, 2011). In relational databases, normalization plays a very important role. In addition, the relational activities, facilitated by the relational databases work in an excellent way with normalized tables. Additionally, relational databases support dynamic views, which is an important concept of databases. Though, in a relational database, a view is not acknowledged as an element of the physical design, since it is dynamic. In addition, views can divide data, combine and shorten several unnecessary relations, which reduce the data storage requirements. Another important advantage of relational database is that it uses SQL that is a simple and human-readable language (Oak, 2011). Moreover, relational databases offer an excellent security because they support access permissions, which facilitate the database administrator to apply need-based permissions in order to get access to the data stored in database tables. Furthermore, relational databases offer high level performance, power, and facilities to latest hardware technologies as well as a capability to deal with all types of data and users requirements (Oak,

Is Wind Power Green Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Is Wind Power Green - Research Paper Example On the other hand, fossil oil is not green. Fossil oil produces carbon monoxide (the motor vehicles’ intoxicating exhaust fumes). Fossil oil pollutes the earth’s atmosphere. Fossil oil suffocates the lungs of city residents. Fossil oil destroys life. Green power comes from several sources. First, solar energy comes from maximizing the suns’ energy. Solar panels can convert the sun’s energy to electrical energy. Second, geothermal energy, comes from hot springs. Another source of geothermal energy is the volcanic heat escaping the earth’s internal areas. Third, Ethanol energy comes from grain alcohol. Ethanol is extracted from corn, barley, sugarcane another sugar-based feedstock. Fourth, wind energy comes from windmills and tall free standing turbines. Historically, windmills have been used in Holland for generate energy. Also, the use of green wind energy creates eliminates the hazards and pollution of fossil fuel-based energy. Sidney Borowitz (199 9) emphasized â€Å"Fossil fuels are the remains of organic matter that, over hundreds of millions of years, have undergone substantial physical changes induced by pressure and chemical changes caused by the action of bacteria. The fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. They provide the United States with about 90 percent of the energy it uses. This energy was originally provided by the sun, which made it possible for the plants to grow.† In terms of wind energy, Borowitz (1999) reiterated â€Å"Fossil fuels are the remains of organic matter that, over hundreds of millions of years, have undergone substantial physical changes induced by pressure and chemical changes caused by the action of bacteria. The fossil fuels are coal, oil, and natural gas. They provide the United States with about 90 percent of the energy it uses. This energy was originally provided by the sun, which made it possible for the plants to grow†. Using coal will damage the earth’s envir onment. Borowitz (1999) insists coal is the most abundant fossil fuel on earth. Coal creates the biggest damage on the environment. Burning coal creates polluting smoke. The polluting smoke makes breathing difficult. The polluting smoke damages the Ozone layer. Wind energy reduces the air pollution trend in major cities of the United States. Judith Cherni (2002) states the concentration of industrial manufacturing plants’ exhausts immensely contributes to the atmosphere’s pollution. The air pollution significantly derails the average person’s health. Different air pollutant types exert different degrees of health damage to the people. The degree or concentration of the pollutants generates various effects on the average county resident. To reduce the current air pollution trends, the states’ air pollution policies must be effectively and deficiently revised and set into immediate motion. Likewise, a research conducted by Cornelis Van Kooten (2009) shows t hat the earth’s wind energy supplies potential research shows that the world’s wind energy supply potential influentially surpasses the world’s energy needs. However, only one percent of the world’s electricity need is presently supplied by the green wind power. The fact is true even though there is an almost fifty percent yearly growth in the wind producing capabilities over the past twenty five years. Almost 100 percent of the entire green wind energy had been

What does it mean to study management critically Essay - 1

What does it mean to study management critically - Essay Example There are also various terms associated with management such as scientific management, human resource management, knowledge management among others. In organisations, it is mostly used to mean the relationship between those in the higher levels of the hierarchy or employer and employees. So why do we need to study management critically? I will argue that there is need to study management critically due the rise in globalisation which is rapidly changing the nature of work and management. Secondly, management and organisation as Minzberg (1971) asserts affects all aspects of our lives thus a need to understand what it entails and how it can be made effective leading to orderly society. Thirdly, the managers need to be self-critical in order to perform their roles successfully and this needs critical analysis of what their roles entail, how they are supposed to behave and relate with their environment. In the first section, I shall outline how the management concept has evolved over time and how it impacts on organizations and workforce. In achieving this, I shall draw on ideas from Bakan (2004); Linstead, Fulop and Liley (2009) and Jackall (1988). In the second section, I shall demonstrate the benefits of management as well as the negative outcomes associated with it to show that one can be critical of management wi thout necessarily being against it as the critical management studies do (Clegg, Kornberger, Carter & Rhodes, 2006; Edwards & Wajcman (2005); Mintzberg, 1971; Parker, 2002). In the third section, I shall demonstrate the role of being critical in own management and what it means to be critical. I shall then conclude with a brief summary. The Management concept has evolved over a long period of time prompted by changing nature of the economic systems from feudalism to capitalism and recently to a knowledge economy. According to Linstead et al (2009), work in traditional societies or feudal societies was done by hands; for

The Chinese Culture Essay Example for Free

The Chinese Culture Essay Chinese people have had the world’s most successful continuous culture for the past four millennia, and culture and traditions remain prominent wherever they live. Even in the twenty-first century, Chinese people living in China, Taiwan and the United States of America still value their culture and traditions. And people from Chinese culture living in Australia and the United Kingdom follow Chinese culture and traditions in relation to their health beliefs. Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism are the main three philosophies or religions in Chinese culture. Taoism is considered both a religion and philosophy emphasizing the independence of the individual and connection to natural forces of life, Confucianism provides the moral code or ethics of behavior, and Buddhism contains the rituals of the spiritual life. Like all cultures, Chinese culture has a particular perspective on dying and death. Chinese society and its people have developed meanings about death throughout history, particularly in relation to religious beliefs, philosophical beliefs, and cultural practices. Death is a taboo and Chinese families will not discuss issues of death and dying for fear of invoking bad luck. In order to postpone bad luck associated with death, Chinese people will try to prolong the patient’s life as long as possible, while also acknowledging that death is part of the lifespan. When a person is dying Chinese people believe that dying in the main hall of the house enables an individual symbolically to join her/his ancestors represented by these tablets or the family altar. Since cremation is traditionally uncommon, the burial of the dead is a matter taken very seriously in Chinese society. Improper funeral arrangements can cause ill fortune and disaster on the family of the deceased. To a certain degree, Chinese funeral rites and burial customs are determined by the age of the deceased, cause of death, status and position in society, and marital status. According to Chinese custom, an elder should never show respect to someone younger. So, if the deceased is a young bachelor, for example, his body cannot be brought home and must remain at the funeral parlor. His parents cannot offer prayers to their son, either: Since he was unmarried, he did not have any children to whom he could perform these same rites. (This is why the body cannot come into the family home. ) If an infant or child dies, no funeral rites are performed either since respect cannot be shown to a younger person. The child is thus buried in silence. Preparation for a funeral often begins before a death has occurred. When a person is on his/her deathbed, a coffin will often have already been ordered by the family. When a death occurs in a family all statues of deities in the house are covered up with red paper (not to be exposed to the body or coffin) and all mirrors are removed (it is believed that one who sees the reflection of a coffin in a mirror will shortly have a death in his/her family). A white cloth is hung over the doorway to the house and a gong is placed to the left of the entrance if the deceased is a male, and to the right if female. Before being placed in the coffin, the corpse is cleaned with a damp towel dusted with talcum powder, and dressed in his/her best clothes (all other clothing of the deceased is burned) before being placed on a mat (or hay in rural areas). The body is completely dressed, including the footwear. Chinese religion was originally oriented to worshipping the supreme god Shang Di during the Xia and Shang dynasties, with the king and diviners acting as priests and using oracle bones. The Zhou dynasty oriented it to worshipping the broader concept of heaven. A large part of Chinese culture is based on the notion that a spiritual world exists. Countless methods of divination have helped answer questions, even serving as an alternate to medicine. In general, the Chinese are a collective society with a need for group affiliation, whether to their family, school, work group, or country. In order to maintain a sense of harmony, they will act with decorum at all times and will not do anything to cause someone else public embarrassment. They are willing to subjugate their own feelings for the good of the group. Since the Chinese strive for harmony and are group dependent, they rely on facial expression, tone of voice and posture to tell them what someone feels. Frowning while someone is speaking is interpreted as a sign of disagreement. Therefore, most Chinese maintain an impassive expression when speaking. It is considered disrespectful to stare into another persons eyes. In crowded situations the Chinese avoid eye contact to give themselves privacy. The Chinese culture is one of the oldest cultures today. It is rich in diverse beliefs and religions. The culture has very deep and profound history. Many of the the old customs are even still practiced today. It was very interesting learning about this culture, and comparing it to my culture. Works Cited Cultural Approaches to Pediatric Palliative Care in Central Massachusetts . Worlds People in Central Massachusetts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. Cultural Approaches to Pediatric Palliative Care in Central Massachusetts . Worlds People in Central Massachusetts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. Cultural Facts. Cultural Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. Johnston, Alastair Iain. Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History. N. p. : Princeton UP, 2006. Print.

Data storage in Big Data Context: A Survey

Data storage in Big Data Context: A Survey Data storage in Big Data Context: A Survey A.ELomari, A.MAIZATE*, L.Hassouni# RITM-ESTC / CED-ENSEM, University Hassan II Abstract- As data volumes to be processed in all domains; scientific, professional, social à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc., are increasing at a high speed, their management and storage raises more and more challenges. The emergence of highly scalable infrastructures has contributed to the evolution of storage management technologies. However, numerous problems have emerged such as consistency and availability of data, scalability of environments or yet the competitive access to data. The objective of this paper is to review, discuss and compare the main characteristics of some major technological orientations existing on the market, such as Google File System (GFS) and IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS) or yet on the open source systems such as Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), Blobseer and Andrew File System (AFS), in order to understand the needs and constraints that led to these orientations. For each case, we will discuss a set of major problems of big data storage management, and how they were addressed in order to provide the best storage services. Introduction Todays, the amount of data generated during a single day may exceed the amount of information contained in all printed materials all over the world. This quantity far exceeds what scientists have imagined there are just a few decades. Internet Data Center (IDC) estimated that between 2005 and 2020, the digital universe will be multiplied by a factor of 300, so it will pass from 130 Exabyte to 40,000 Exabyte, the equivalent of   more than 5,200 gigabytes for each person in 2020   [[i]]. The traditional systems such as centralized network-based storage systems (client-server) or the traditional distributed systems such as NFS, are no longer able to respond to new requirements in terms of volume of data, high performance, and evolution capacities. And besides their cost, a variety of technical constraints are raised, such as data replication, continuity of services etc.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   In this paper, we try to discuss a set of technologies used in the market and that we think the most relevant and representative of the state of the art in the field of distributed storage systems. What is Distributed File systems (DFS) A distributed file system (DFS) is a system that allows multiple users to access, through the network, a file structure residing on one or more remote machines (File Servers) using a similar semantics to that used to access the local file system. This is a client / server architecture where data is distributed across multiple storage spaces usually called nodes. These nodes consist of a single or a small number of physical storage disks residing usually in basic equipment, configured to only provide storage services. As such, the material can be relatively low cost. As the material used is generally inexpensive and by large quantities, failures become unavoidable. Nevertheless, these systems are designed to be tolerant to failure by having recourse to data replication which makes the loss of one node an event of minimal emergency because data is always recoverable, often automatically, without any performance degradation. A. Andrew File System(AFS) architecture AFS (or OpenAFS currently) is a standard distributed file system originally developed by Carnegie Mellon University. It is supported and developed as a product by Transarc Corporation (now IBM Pittsburgh Labs). It offers a client-server architecture for federated file sharing and distribution of replicated read-only content [[ii]]. AFS offers many improvements over traditional systems. In particular, it provides the independence of the storage from location, guarantees system scalability and transparent migration capabilities.As shown in Figure 1, the distribution of processes in AFS can be summarized as follows: A process called Vice is the backbone of information sharing in the system; it consists of a set of dedicated file servers and a complex LAN. A process called Venus runs on each client workstation; it mediates access to shared files [[iii]]. Figure 1 : AFS Design . AFS logic assumes the following hypothesis [[iv]]: Shared files are rarely updated and local user files will remain valid for long periods. An allocation of a large enough local disk cache, for example 100 MB, can keep all users files. Using the client cache may actually be a good compromise to system performance, but it will only be effective if the assumptions adopted by AFS designers are respected, otherwise this can make a huge issue for data integrity. B. Google File System (GFS) architecture Another interesting approach is that proposed by GFS, which is not using special cache at all. GFS is a distributed file system developed by Google for its own applications. Google GFS system (GFS cluster) consists of a single master and multiple Chunkservers (nodes) and is accessed by multiple clients, as shown in Figure 2 [[v]].Each of these nodes is typically a Linux machine running a server process at a user level. Figure 2 : GFS Design The files to be stored are divided into pieces of fixed size called chunks. The Chunkservers store chunks on local disks as Linux files. The master maintains all metadata of the file system. The GFS client code uses an application programming interface (API) to interact with the master regarding transactions related to metadata, but all communications relating to the data themselves goes directly to Chunkservers. Unlike AFS, neither the client nor the Chunkserver use a dedicated cache. Customers caches, according to Google, offer little benefit because most applications use large which are too big to be cached. On the other hand, using a single master can drive to a bottleneck situation. Google has tried to reduce the impact of this weak point by replicating the master on multiple copies called shadows which can be accessed in read-only even if the master is down. C. Blobseer architecture Blobseer is a project of KerData team, INRIA Rennes, Brittany, France[[vi]]. The Blobseer system consists of distributed processes (Figure 3), which communicate through remote procedure calls (RPC). A physical node can run one or more processes and can play several roles at the same time. Figure 3 : Blobseer Design Unlike Google GFS, Blobseer do not centralize access to metadata on a single machine, so that the risk of bottleneck situation of this type of node is eliminated. Also, this feature allows load balancing the workload across multiple nodes in parallel. D. Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is a component of Apach Hadoop project [[vii]]. HDFS is highly fault-tolerant and is designed to be deployed on low-cost hardware. As shown in figure 4, HDFS stores file system metadata and application data separately. As in other distributed file systems, HDFS stores metadata on a dedicated server, called the NameNode. Application data are stored on other servers called DataNodes [[viii]]. Figure 4: HDFS Design There is one NameNode per cluster and it makes all decisions regarding replication of blocks [[ix]]. Data Storage as blob The architecture of a distributed storage system must take into consideration how files are stored on disks. One smart way to make this possible is to organize these data as objects of considerable size. Such objects, called Binary Large Objects (BLOBs), consist of long sequences of bytes representing unstructured data and can provide the basis for a transparent data sharing of large-scale. A BLOB can usually reach sizes of 1 Tera Byte (TB). Using BLOBs offers two main advantages: The Scalability: Maintaining a small set of huge BLOBs including billions of small items is much easier than directly managing billions of small ones. The simple mapping between the application data and file names can be a big problem compared to the case where the data are stored in the same BLOB and that only their offsets must be maintained. The Transparency: A data management system based on shared BLOBs, uniquely identifiable through ids, relieves application developers of the burden of explicit management and transfer of their locations on the codes. The system thus offers an intermediate layer that masks the complexity of access to data wherever it is stored physically [[x]]. Data striping Data striping is a well-known technique for increasing the data access performances. Each BLOB or file is divided into small pieces that are distributed across multiple machines on the storage system. Thus, requests for access to data may be distributed over multiple machines in parallel way, allowing achieving high performances.Two factors must be considered in order to maximize the benefits of this technique: Configurable strategy of distribution of chunks: Distribution strategy specifies where to store the chunks to achieve a predefined goal. For example, load balancing is one of the goals that such strategy can allow. Dynamic configuration of the size of the chunks: If the chunks size is too small, applications would have to retrieve the data to be processed from several chunks. On the other hand, the use of too large chunks will complicate simultaneous access to data because of the increasing probability that two applications require access to two different data but both stored on the same chunk. A lot of systems that use this type of architecture, such as GFS and Blobseer use a 64 MB sized chunks, which seems to be the most optimized size for those two criteria. concurrency Processing concurrency is very dependent on the nature of the desired data processing and of the nature of data changes. For example, Haystack system that manages Facebook pictures which never changes [[xi]], will be different from Google GFS or IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS) which are managing a more dynamic data. The lock method is used by many DFS to manage concurrency and IBM GPFS has developed a more effective mechanism that allows locking a byte range instead of whole files/blocks (Byte Range Locking) [[xii]]. GFS meanwhile, offers a relaxed consistency model that supports Google highly distributed applications, but still relatively simple to implement. Blobseer developed a more sophisticated technique, which theoretically gives better results. The snapshot approach using versioning that Blobseer brings is an effective way to meet the main objectives of maximizing competitive access [[xiii]]. The disadvantage of such a mechanism based on snapshots, is that it can easily explode the required physical storage space. However, although each write or append generates a new version of the blob snapshot, only the differential updates from previous versions are physically stored. DFS Benchmark As we have detailed in this article, generally there is no better or worse methods for technical or technological choices to be adopted to make the best of a DFS, but rather compromises that have to be managed to meet very specific objectives. In Table 2, we compare five distributed file systems: GFS, GPFS, HDFS, AFS and Blobseer. Choosing to compare only those specific systems despite the fact that the market includes dozens of technologies is led particularly by two points: 1. It is technically difficult to study all systems in the market in order to know their technical specifications, especially as several of them are proprietary and closed systems. Even more, the techniques are similar in several cases and are comparable to those of the five we compared. 2. Those five systems allow making a clear idea about the DFS state of the art thanks to the following particularities: GFS is a system used internally by Google, which manage huge quantities of data because of its activities. GPFS is a system developed and commercialized by IBM, a global leader in the field of Big Data HDFS is a subproject of HADOOP, a very popular Big Data system Blobseer is an open source initiative, particularly driven by research as it is maintained by INRIA Rennes. AFS is a system that can be considered as a bridge between conventional systems such as NFS and advanced distributed storage systems. In Table 2, we compare the implementation of some key technologies in those five systems. Analysis of the results of Table 2 leads to the following conclusions: The five systems are expandable in data storage. Thus, they cover one of the principal issues that lead to the emergence of Distribute File System. Only Blobseer and GPFS offer the extensibility of metadata management to overcome the bottleneck problem of the master machine, which manage the access to metadata. Except AFS, all studied systems are natively tolerant to crash, relying essentially on multiple replications of data. To minimize the lag caused by locking the whole file, GPFS manage locks on specific areas of the file (Byte range locks). But the most innovative method is the use of versioning and snapshots by Blobseer to allow simultaneous changes without exclusivity. Except AFS, all systems are using the striping of data. As discussed earlier; this technique provides a higher input / output performance by striping blocks of data from individual files over multiple machines. Blobseer seems to be the only one among the systems studied that implements the storage on blobs technique, despite the apparent advantages of such technique. To allow a better scalability, a DFS system must support as much operating systems as possible. But while AFS, HDFS and GPFS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ supports multiple platforms, GFS and Blobseer run exclusively on Linux, this can be explained partly by the commercial background of AFS, HDFS and GPFS. Using a dedicated cache is also a point of disagreement between systems. GFS and Blobseer consider that the cache has no real benefits, but rather causes many consistency issues. AFS and GPFS uses dedicated cache à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹on both client computers and servers. HDFS seems to use dedicated cache only at client level. Conclusion In this paper, we reviewed some specifications of distributed file storage systems. It is clear from this analysis that the major common concern of such systems is scalability. A DFS should be extendable with the minimum cost and effort. In addition, data availability and fault tolerance remains among the major concerns of DFS. Many systems tend to use non expensive hardware for storage. Such condition will expose those systems to frequent or usual breakdowns. To these mechanisms, data striping and lock mechanisms are added to manage and optimize concurrent access to the data. Also, Working on multiples operating systems can bring big advantages to any of those DFS. None of these systems can be considered as the best DFS in the market, but rather each of them is excellent in the scope that it was designed for. Table 2 Comparative table of most important characteristics of distributed file storage GFS by Google GPFS IBM HDFS Blobseer AFS (OPEN FS) Data Scalability YES YES YES YES YES Meta Data Scalability NO YES NO YES NO Fault tolerance Fast Recovery.Chunk Replication.Master Replication. Clustering features.   Synchronous and asynchronous data replication. Block Replication.Secondary NameNode. Chunk ReplicationMeta data replication NO Data access Concurrency Optimized for concurrent   appends Distributed byte range locking Files have strictly one writer at any time YES Byte-range file locking Meta Data access Concurrency Master shadows on read only Centralizedmanagement NO YES NO Snapshots YES YES YES YES NO Versioning YES unknown NO YES NO Data Striping 64 MB Chunks YES YES (Data blocks of 64 MB) 64 MB Chunks NO Storage as Blobs NO NO NO YES NO Supported OS LINUX AIX, Red Hat, SUSE , Debian Linux distributions, Windows Server 2008 Linux and Windows supported , BSD, Mac OS/X, Open Solaris known to work LINUX AIX, Mac OS X, Darwin, HP-UX, Irix, Solaris, Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, NetBSD OpenBSD Dedicated cache NO YES by AFM technology YES (Client) NO YES []  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   John Gantz and David Reinsel. THE DIGITAL UNIVERSE IN 2020: Big Data, Bigger Digital Shadows, and Biggest Growth in the Far East. Tech. rep. Internet Data Center(IDC), 2012. [2]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   OpenAfs : www.openafs.org/ [3]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Monali Mavani : Comparative Analysis of Andrew Files System and Hadoop Distributed File System, 2013. [4]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Stefan Leue : Distributed Systems Fall, 2001 [5]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Sanjay Ghemawat, Howard Gobioff, and Shun-Tak Leung Google* : The Google File System. [6]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Blobseer: blobseer.gforge.inria.fr/ [7]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Hadoop: hadoop.apache.org/ [8]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Konstantin Shvachko, Hairong Kuang, Sanjay Radia, Robert Chansler Yahoo!: The Hadoop Distributed File System, 2010. [9]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dhruba Borthakur : HDFS Architecture Guide, 2008. [0]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Bogdan Nicolae, Gabriel Antoniu, Luc Boug_e, Diana Moise, Alexandra, Carpen-Amarie : BlobSeer: Next Generation Data Management for Large Scale Infrastructures, 2010. [1]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Doug Beaver, Sanjeev Kumar, Harry C. Li, Jason Sobel, Peter Vajgel, Facebook Inc: Finding a needle in Haystack: Facebooks photo storage, [2]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Scott Fadden,   An Introduction to GPFS Version 3.5, Technologies that enable the management of big data, 2012. [3]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Bogdan Nicolae,Diana Moise, Gabriel Antoniu,Luc Boug ´e, Matthieu Dorier : BlobSeer: Bringing High Throughput under Heavy Concurrency to Hadoop Map-Reduce Applications, 2010.